ICOMOS International Charter for Cultural Heritage Tourism (2022): Reinforcing cultural heritage protection and community resilience through responsible and sustainable tourism management? ?

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Adopted by the ICOMOS Annual General Assembly (Bangkok, Thailand) in November 2022.

Preamble

Profound growth and disruption in global tourism, including cultural heritage tourism, has necessitated the revision of the ICOMOS International Charter for Cultural Tourism (1999). The process has resulted in this ICOMOS International Charter for Cultural Heritage Tourism (2021): Reinforcing cultural heritage protection and community resilience through responsible and sustainable tourism management (hereinafter “the Charter”), which complements and updates the previous one. In addition to recognizing the intensified tourism use of cultural heritage places and destinations, this Charter addresses increasing concerns about the degradation of cultural heritage along with social, ethical, cultural, environmental and economic rights issues associated with tourism.

In this Charter, cultural heritage tourism refers to all tourism activities in heritage places and destinations, including the diversity and interdependence of their tangible, intangible, cultural, natural, past and contemporary dimensions. This Charter recognizes heritage as a common resource, understanding that the governance and enjoyment of these commons are shared rights and responsibilities.

Participation in cultural life with access to cultural heritage is a human right. However, some evolved aspects of tourism haveconstituted fundamentally?unsustainable uses of planetary resources, including cultural and natural heritage. This calls for a charter that advocates responsible and diversified cultural tourism development and management contributing to cultural heritage preservation; community empowerment, social resilience and wellbeing; and a healthy global environment.

Properly planned and responsibly managed cultural heritage tourism, involving participatory governance with diverse cultures, right-holders and stakeholders, can be a powerful vehicle for the preservation of cultural heritage and sustainable development. Responsible tourism promotes and creates cultural heritage awareness, provides opportunities for personal and community well- being and resilience, and builds respect for the diversity of other cultures. It can therefore contribute to intercultural dialogue and cooperation, mutual understanding, and peace-building.

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The objectives of this Charter are:

Objective 1?- To place the protection of cultural heritage and community rights at the heart of cultural heritage tourism policy and projects, by providing?principles that will inform responsible tourism planning and management for cultural heritage protection, community resilience and adaptation;

Objective 2 - To promote stakeholder collaboration and participatory governance in the stewardship of cultural heritage and management of tourism, applying a people- centered and rights-based approach, emphasizing access, education and enjoyment;?

Objective 3?- To guide cultural heritage and tourism management in supporting the UN Sustainable Development Goals and Climate Action policy.

Who is this Charter for?

The responsible management of tourism is a shared responsibility of governments, tour operators, tourism businesses, destination managers and marketing organizations, site management authorities, land-use planners, heritage and tourism professionals, civil society and visitors. This Charter is relevant to all of the above as cultural heritage and tourism stakeholders. It provides guidance for heritage and tourism practitioners, professionals, and decision makers within international, national and local government agencies, organizations, institutions and administrations. It aims to be a reference for educators, academics, researchers and students engaged with cultural heritage and tourism. It applies to the management of all cultural heritage properties and to the entire spectrum of their protection, conservation, interpretation, presentation and dissemination activities, since all are connected with, and influenced by, public use and visitation.

The Charter aims to align?the work?of cultural heritage and tourism stakeholders in the pursuit of positive transformative change, offering principles for regenerative tourism destination management that?is conscious of heritage values, as well as their vulnerability and potential. It seeks the fair, ethical and equitable distribution of tourism benefits to and within host communities, contributing towards poverty alleviation. The Charter promotes the ethical governance of cultural heritage and tourism and calls for the integration of its principles into all aspects of cultural heritage tourism.

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Background

Branding and marketing of cultural heritage and its unique qualities has encouraged and driven an exponential growth in tourism to heritage destinations. Tourism has significantly impacted towns and cities with historic districts and culturally distinct urban landscapes. It has also impacted historic sites and monuments, along with natural and cultural landscapes. The interest of tourists and the tourism sector in tangible and intangible heritage has contributed towards greater awareness within local communities of the value of their heritage and its critical importance to their quality of life and identity. Indigenous communities, in particular, tend to recognize the fragility of the relationship between people and the land they live on, and the need to ensure that tourism sustains rather than erodes heritage and traditions.

Capitalizing on the increasing global interest in cultural heritage, the tourism industry has developed into a significant component of global, national, regional and local economies. When responsibly planned, developed and managed through participatory governance, tourism can provide direct, indirect and induced benefits across all dimensions of sustainability. However, unmanaged growth in tourism has transformed many places throughout the world, leaving tourism-dependent communities significantly altered and less resilient.

Growing global wealth and connectivity, linked to low-cost travel, has resulted in the evolution of mass tourism in many parts of the world. It has also led to the phenomenon of ‘overtourism’ characterized by pervasive congestion and unacceptable degradation of tangible and intangible heritage, with associated social, cultural and economic impacts. The widespread promotion, marketing and use of cultural heritage has also caused commodification and gentrification, compromising local communities and cultural integrity, and placing irreplaceable assets at risk. Recognizing that this is not always the case, ill-considered tourism planning and development has had significant negative impacts on numerous cultural heritage sites and destinations, Indigenous Peoples and host communities.

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The use of heritage in the economic growth-based strategies of the tourism industry globally has been remarkably successful. However, it has often failed to deliver equitable benefit-share. Rapid and insensitive commodification, commercialization and overuse of local culture and heritage has resulted in negative and disruptive impacts across countless destinations. It has also provoked restrictions on rights of use, access to and enjoyment of cultural heritage by local people and visitors alike.

The context within which these matters must be considered includes the climate emergency, environmental degradation, conflicts, disasters, the disruptive effects of the Covid-19 pandemic, mass tourism, digital transformation and technological developments. There is a need and opportunity to recalibrate the perpetual economic growth-based approach to tourism, recognizing and mitigating its unsustainable aspects.

Any cultural tourism strategy must accept that cultural heritage protection, social responsibility and ‘sustainability’ are not merely options or brand attributes, but rather necessary commitments and, in fact, a competitiveness asset. In order to remain successful and sustainable in the long term, cultural tourism proponents must put this commitment into practice and become a force that supports community resilience, responsible consumption and production, human rights, gender equality, climate action, and environmental and cultural heritage conservation.

For this reason, the Charter is formulated in the context of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which specifically mention tourism in Targets 8.9, 12b and 14.7. Cultural tourism also has the potential to contribute, directly or indirectly, to Target 11.4 which aims to “strengthen efforts to protect?and safeguard?the world’s cultural and natural heritage”. Working towards the UN’s 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the responsible national, regional and municipal?governing institutions have a duty to ensure that the SDGs and their targets are integrated into the planning, management and monitoring of cultural heritage and tourism destinations.

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The Principles of the Charter

Recalling the previous Cultural Tourism Charters (1976 and 1999) and other existing standard- setting texts developed by ICOMOS, ICCROM, IUCN, UNESCO, the UNWTO, other relevant NGOs, intergovernmental organizations, agencies and institutions;

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Acknowledging that, at the broadest level, natural and cultural heritage is relevant to all people, and that rights of access and enjoyment are linked to the responsibility to respect, understand, appreciate and conserve its universal and particular values;

Affirming that cultural heritage protection and responsible cultural tourism planning and management must be informed by the systematic identification and monitoring of tourism impacts on heritage places, destinations and communities;

Understanding that the resilience and adaptive capacity of communities and equitable benefit share must be fundamental goals of cultural tourism;

Recognizing the need and opportunity to re-balance tourism, moving away from mass tourism towards a more sustainable, responsible and community-centered tourism with cultural heritage at its centre;

The principles set out below provide a framework for guidance on this subject that is not present in other documents concerning cultural heritage or tourism:

• Principle 1: Place cultural heritage protection and conservation at the centre of responsible cultural tourism planning and management;

• Principle 2: Manage tourism at cultural heritage places through management plans informed by monitoring, carrying capacity and other planning instruments;

• Principle 3: Enhance public awareness and visitor experience through sensitive interpretation and presentation of cultural heritage;

• Principle 4: Recognize and reinforce the rights of communities, Indigenous Peoples and traditional owners by including access and engagement in participatory governance of the cultural and natural heritage commons used in tourism;

• Principle 5: Raise awareness and reinforce cooperation for cultural heritage conservation among all stakeholders involved in tourism;

• Principle 6: Increase the resilience of communities and cultural heritage through capacity development, risk assessment, strategic planning and adaptive management;

• Principle 7: Integrate climate action and sustainability measures in the management of cultural tourism and cultural heritage.

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Principle 1: Place cultural heritage protection and conservation at the centre of responsible cultural tourism planning and management

Cultural heritage protection and management must be placed at the centre of cultural tourism policies and planning. Well-managed cultural heritage tourism enables communities to participate, while maintaining their heritage, social cohesion and cultural practices.

Visitor management needs to be integrated into heritage management plans, considering the complex and multifaceted relationships within and between communities and their heritage. Good destination planning and management involves the protection of tangible assets and intangible values of cultural heritage. Tourism planning and cultural heritage management must be coordinated across all levels of governance in order to identify, assess and avoid the adverse impacts of tourism on heritage fabric, integrity and authenticity. Heritage and Environmental Impact Assessments must inform the planning and development of tourism.

Management of cultural tourism is not limited to the legal boundaries of cultural heritage properties. Tourism development, infrastructure projects and management plans must contribute to preserving the integrity, authenticity, aesthetic, social and cultural dimensions of heritage places, including their settings, natural and cultural landscapes, host communities, biodiversity characteristics and the broader visual context. Destination management should integrate with, and inform social, political and development frameworks considering the local environmental conditions and cultural heritage protection priorities.

Revenues generated through cultural heritage tourism must contribute to the conservation of cultural heritage and provide benefit to local communities. Revenues should be collected and allocated in a transparent, fair, equitable and accountable manner. Visitors should be made aware of their contribution to cultural heritage funding and maintenance.

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Principle 2: Manage tourism at cultural heritage places through management plans informed by monitoring, carrying capacity and other planning instruments

The protection of cultural heritage and resilience of host communities requires careful tourism planning and visitor management. It includes the monitoring of impacts on the natural and cultural values of the place as well as on the social, economic and cultural well-being of the host community.

Cultural heritage management plans must include tourism sustainability and visitor management strategies. These should integrate a range of measures including carrying capacity indicators in order to control, concentrate or disperse visitors as appropriate.

Site specific actions can be taken to limit group sizes, time group access, restrict entry, close sensitive areas providing remote access where appropriate, restrict or increase opening hours, zone compatible activities, require advance bookings,?regulate traffic and/or undertake other forms of supervision.

The identification of carrying capacity and/or limits of acceptable change is essential to avoid negative impacts on cultural tangible and intangible heritage. Carrying capacity assessment must include the following as minimum:

• Physical carrying capacity: the ability of a place to host visitors depending on its condition, fragility and conservation status while providing appropriate visitor services.?

• Ecological carrying capacity: the ability of the ecosystem and host communities to accommodate visitors while maintaining sustainability, functionality and heritage values.

• Social and cultural carrying capacity: the degree to which communities can host visitors, while providing quality visitor experiences.

• Economic carrying capacity: the degree to which tourism supports economic diversity at a local, regional and/or national level.

Monitoring and carrying capacity assessments need to use a participatory process involving a broad representation of community, cultural heritage and tourism stakeholders. Carrying capacity indicators need to be specific to the nature of the place and the community under consideration and need to be monitored, benchmarked and updated on a regular basis.

Visitor-related indicators are crucial to assess all the dimensions of carrying capacity while ensuring the safety of the site, the security and experience of the visitors and the ability of the place to provide other functions.

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Principle 3: Enhance public awareness and visitor experience through sensitive interpretation and presentation of cultural heritage

Interpretation and presentation provide education and life- long learning. It raises awareness and appreciation of culture and heritage, fostering intercultural tolerance and dialogue, and enhancing capacities within host communities.

Responsible tourism and cultural heritage management must provide accurate and respectful interpretation, presentation, dissemination and communication. It must offer opportunities for host communities to present their cultural heritage first hand. It must also provide a worthwhile visitor experience and opportunities for discovery, inclusive enjoyment and learning. Heritage presentation and promotion should interpret and communicate the diversity and interconnections of tangible and intangible cultural values in order to enhance the appreciation and understanding of their significance. The authenticity, values and significance of places are often complex, contested and multifaceted, and every effort should be taken to be inclusive when considering the interpretation and presentation of information. Interpretation methods should not detract from the authenticity of the place. It can use appropriate, stimulating and contemporary forms of education and training, using networks and social media. There are significant opportunities for the use of technology, including augmented reality and virtual reconstructions based on scientific research. Communication at destinations and heritage places must address conservation and community rights, issues and challenges, so that visitors and tourism operators are made aware that they must be respectful and responsible when visiting and promoting heritage.

Interpretation and presentation enhance visitor experiences of heritage places and should be accessible to all, including people with disabilities. Remote interpretation tools must be used in circumstances where visitor access may threaten heritage fabric and its integrity. It can also be used where universal access cannot be achieved, using multiple languages where feasible.

Heritage practitioners and professionals, site managers and communities share the responsibility to interpret and communicate heritage. The interpretation and presentation of cultural heritage must be representative and acknowledge challenging aspects of the history and memory of the place. It should be based on interdisciplinary research, including the most up-to-date science and the knowledge of local peoples and communities. It should be conducted professionally within an appropriate certification framework. Efforts should be made to improve regulation of heritage presentation, interpretation,dissemination and communication. The knowledge represented and generated in relevant disciplines for cultural heritage (i.e., art history, history, archaeology, anthropology or architecture) must inform and ensure the quality of interpretation and presentation of heritage places.?

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Principle 4: Recognize and reinforce the rights of communities, Indigenous Peoples and traditional owners by including access and engagement in participatory governance of the cultural and natural heritage commons used in tourism

Exponential growth in international tourism has exposed blind spots and lack of sensitivity towards the vulnerability of many tourism-dependent communities and those who have experienced tourist visitation imposed on them without their ‘free, prior and informed consent’ (United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 2007). Indigenous peoples, traditional owners and host communities have a right to express their views on heritage and to manage it according to their established practices and meanings.

Cultural tourism has offered and will continue to promise economic opportunities and employment, but in the future, community engagement in tourism development must be facilitated. Tourism benefits must be equitably shared and include fair and decent tourism employment.

Growth in tourism has also caused an unintended decline in cultural and traditional contribution to local economic diversity. While individually these sectors may be economically marginal, diversity is necessary for the economic resilience of local communities.

An important principle in the responsible development and management of cultural heritage and tourism is inclusive involvement and access to economic opportunities, as well as recreation and enjoyment. Cultural heritage management authorities need to be aware of and sensitive towards communities’ rights, needs and desires for more diverse heritage activities, experiences?and programmes, increasing cultural heritage relevance for local people. While transition towards a more circular and sharing based economy may reduce the environmental footprint of economic activities, its application must also consider potential unintended consequences such as weakened worker rights. Use of incentives may encourage desired behaviors and outcomes.

Against the backdrop of rapid and ongoing global change and related cross-cutting issues, tourism cannot continue in an unsustainable perpetual growth paradigm. Marginal improvements will not suffice. The development of responsible cultural tourism must go beyond local stakeholder consultation and involve participatory governance and benefit share. It must embrace the fundamental recognition of human, collective, community and indigenous rights embedded in the cultural and natural heritage commons. It must also involve broad based participation with gender equality and inclusion of traditional owners, minorities and disadvantaged groups in cultural heritage stewardship and decision making, including tourism management and destination development strategies.

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Principle 5: Raise awareness and reinforce cooperation for cultural heritage conservation among all stakeholders involved in tourism

Cultural heritage is a significant resource for tourism and plays a major role in the attraction of travel, but its fragility and conservation requirements are insufficiently recognized. Awareness and understanding of long-term protection and conservation requirements of heritage places is necessary in tourism planning and management. Cross sectoral collaboration, learning and capacity development need to be encouraged and implemented in order to increase engagement, understanding and participation around cultural heritage and tourism planning.

The limitations and/or vulnerabilities of heritage need to inform and shape tourism decision making and communication. Tourists and visitors should not be considered passive observers or simply consumers; they are active participants who should be made aware of their responsibility to behave respectfully and the ways in which they can contribute towards heritage protection and local sustainability.

Cultural tourism cannot be considered an economic activity detached from the place where it occurs. Visitor activities and services must be part of and compatible with everyday life and social activity, contributing to a sustained local sense of place and pride. Cultural and tourism products and services including events and festivals have to be consistent with the identity of places and their communities. To achieve a more cooperative framework in heritage conservation and tourism development, heritage administrators need to develop their knowledge and awareness of tourism sustainability principles and dynamics. Tourism professionals and practitioners must be trained on heritage protection and administration. Heritage managers, public tourism managers, private tourism operators, entrepreneurs and people involved in cultural and creative industries need to generate and/or maintain formal and informal networks for communication and collaboration.

Participatory governance through shared ownership and stewardship of cultural and natural heritage allows for new perspectives and collaborative efforts in the reorientation of practice, and it can therefore lead towards new and more resilient pathways for sustainable development.

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Principle 6: Increase the resilience of communities and cultural heritage through capacity development, risk assessment, strategic planning and adaptive management

Considering disruptions affecting tourism, ongoing systemic and pervasive global problems and emergent risks, it is necessary to enhance the resilience, adaptive and transformative capacities of communities to deal with future challenges and disruptions related to climate change, loss of biodiversity and/or calamities that affect cultural heritage.

The massive decline in tourist activities due to the Covid 19 pandemic has exposed the vulnerability of many heritage places and the communities hosting cultural tourism. It has clearly demonstrated that tourism must actively contribute to recovery, resilience and heritage conservation, and that heritage places and host communities must consider adaptation options.

Resilience in relation to cultural heritage and tourism requires concerted initiatives and interdisciplinary capacity development at the local level. Capacity building should aim to increase the ability of communities to foresee and reduce risks. It should help them make informed decisions concerning cultural heritage management and tourist use of resources to minimize the negative societal and economic impacts of disruption or intensification of use. Traditional knowledge should also inform innovative and adaptive strategies for resilience and adaptation. Heritage managers should ensure they have the necessary knowledge, capacity and tools to prepare for and respond to changing contexts and developing challenges.

Any strategic planning and adaptive management of cultural tourism should include heritage impact assessment (HIAs), environmental impact assessment (EIAs), disaster risk management and other relevant risk assessments. Climate change vulnerability assessments will become increasingly important in the future. All of these require anticipatory scenarios, contingency planning, and mitigation and reduction measures considering and involving all stakeholders. Impact assessments and monitoring must be appropriate, regularly updated and easily applicable, informing development and management decision making. In order to serve as a catalyst for community resilience, cultural tourism requires increased cooperation across sectors and vision applied to practice.

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Principle 7: Integrate climate action and sustainability measures in the management of cultural tourism and cultural heritage

The climate emergency is an existential threat to the planet and the civilization as we know it. It jeopardizes cultural and natural heritage, and threatens the livelihoods and wellbeing of people across the world. Tourism dependent communities are particularly vulnerable.

All cultural tourism stakeholders must take action to mitigate, reduce and manage climate impacts. Actions should enhance the ability of communities to generate, retain and maintain sustainable benefits from cultural tourism. Tourism activities must minimize their greenhouse gas emissions. This is a shared responsibility of governments, tour operators, tourism businesses, destination managers and marketing organizations, site management authorities, land-use planners, heritage and tourism professionals, civil society and visitors. Enforcement should be ensured via incentives, bylaws, policies and guidelines that are updated as necessary.

Climate action is a personal, collective and professional responsibility beyond national commitments and the Paris Accord. Tourism and visitor management must contribute to effective carbon and greenhouse gas reduction, waste management, reuse, recycling, energy and water conservation, green transport and infrastructures that comply with international and national targets. Measures to support heritage conservation, biodiversity and natural ecosystems need to be a priority in planning, implementation and evaluation of tourism and visitor management strategies. Adaptive reuse and retrofitting of built and vernacular heritage can contribute to climate adaptation and retain a more authentic visitor experience.

Climate action strategies must consider traditional ownership, knowledge and practices. Communication, information, heritage interpretation, education and training must increase the awareness about the climate emergency and its consequences for natural and cultural heritage, especially where communities and destinations are at risk. The presentation and interpretation of heritage places open to the public must also contribute to these tasks including messages about climate impacts on preservation and the environment. This invites the consideration of innovative technologies that can be used for these purposes.

Climate change is calling for a transformational and regenerative approach to cultural tourism where the priorities focus on building resilient and adaptive communities and heritage places.

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Relevant charters, recommendations and policy instruments are set out in an Annexure to this Charter accessible on the ICTC website

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This charter has been drafted by the ICOMOS International Committee on Cultural Tourism through a task force composed of the following members: Celia Marti?nez (Coordinator), Fergus Maclaren (President), Cecilie Smith-Christensen, Margaret Gowen, Jim Donovan, Ian Kelly, Sue Millar, Sofi?a Fonseca, Tomeu Deya?, Ananya Bhattacharya and Carlos Alberto Hiriart.?

國(guó)際古跡遺址理事會(huì)（ICOMOS）國(guó)際文化遺產(chǎn)旅游憲章（2021）：通過負(fù)責(zé)任和可持續(xù)的旅游管理，加強(qiáng)文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)及社區(qū)韌性

憲章于2022年11月召開的ICOMOS年度大會(huì)（泰國(guó)曼谷）上通過。

導(dǎo)言

鑒于全球旅游業(yè)及其文化遺產(chǎn)旅游的迅猛發(fā)展和亂象叢生，《國(guó)際古跡遺址理事會(huì)國(guó)際文化旅游憲章》（1999）修訂勢(shì)在必行。為更好地完善與更新上一版憲章，《國(guó)際古跡遺址理事會(huì)國(guó)際文化遺產(chǎn)旅游憲章：通過負(fù)責(zé)任和可持續(xù)的旅游管理，加強(qiáng)文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)及社區(qū)韌性》（2021）（以下簡(jiǎn)稱《憲章》）應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。本次修訂除了強(qiáng)調(diào)旅游業(yè)對(duì)文化遺產(chǎn)地和旅游目的地的過度開發(fā)外，《憲章》還回應(yīng)了人們?nèi)找骊P(guān)切的文化遺產(chǎn)退化以及與旅游相關(guān)的社會(huì)、倫理、文化、環(huán)境和經(jīng)濟(jì)權(quán)利等問題。

在本《憲章》中，文化遺產(chǎn)旅游是指在遺產(chǎn)地進(jìn)行的一切旅游活動(dòng)，以了解遺產(chǎn)的有形與無形、文化與自然、過去與現(xiàn)在的多樣性及相互依賴關(guān)系?！稇椪隆氛J(rèn)為，遺產(chǎn)作為一種公共資源，治理和享受這些資源是全人類共同的責(zé)任和權(quán)利。

包括參觀文化遺產(chǎn)在內(nèi)的文化生活是一項(xiàng)人權(quán)。然而，旅游業(yè)的某些方面對(duì)包括文化和自然遺產(chǎn)在內(nèi)的全球資源可持續(xù)利用產(chǎn)生根本性的影響，因此，有必要制定一份憲章以倡導(dǎo)負(fù)責(zé)任和多樣化的文化旅游發(fā)展和管理理念，以加強(qiáng)文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)；推進(jìn)社區(qū)賦權(quán)，增強(qiáng)社會(huì)韌性，提升社會(huì)福祉；同時(shí)營(yíng)造一個(gè)健康的全球環(huán)境。

對(duì)文化遺產(chǎn)旅游進(jìn)行妥善規(guī)劃和負(fù)責(zé)地管理，吸引多元的文化和多樣權(quán)利人與利益相關(guān)者參與治理，是保護(hù)文化遺產(chǎn)和推動(dòng)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的有力措施。負(fù)責(zé)任旅游（responsible tourism）樹立并增強(qiáng)文化遺產(chǎn)意識(shí)，為增進(jìn)個(gè)人及社區(qū)的福祉和增強(qiáng)社區(qū)韌性提供機(jī)會(huì)，同時(shí)建立起對(duì)其他文化多樣性的尊重。因此，負(fù)責(zé)任旅游可以促進(jìn)跨文化的對(duì)話與合作、增進(jìn)相互理解與推動(dòng)和平建設(shè)。

《憲章》目標(biāo)

目標(biāo)1 ?將保護(hù)文化遺產(chǎn)和社區(qū)權(quán)利置于文化遺產(chǎn)旅游政策和項(xiàng)目的核心。為此，提供一些準(zhǔn)則，為文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)、增強(qiáng)社區(qū)韌性和適應(yīng)力提供負(fù)責(zé)任的旅游規(guī)劃和管理的相關(guān)信息；

目標(biāo)2 采用以人民為中心和以權(quán)利為基礎(chǔ)的方法，強(qiáng)調(diào)文化遺產(chǎn)的可達(dá)性、教育機(jī)會(huì)和享受權(quán)利，促進(jìn)多元利益相關(guān)者在文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)和旅游管理中開展合作和參與治理。

目標(biāo)3 指導(dǎo)對(duì)文化遺產(chǎn)和旅游的管理如何支持聯(lián)合國(guó)可持續(xù)發(fā)展目標(biāo)和氣候行動(dòng)政策。

《憲章》針對(duì)群體

旅游的責(zé)任管理是政府、旅游經(jīng)營(yíng)者、旅游企業(yè)、目的地管理者及營(yíng)銷組織、景區(qū)管理部門、土地使用規(guī)劃者、遺產(chǎn)及旅游專業(yè)人士、民間團(tuán)體和游客的共同責(zé)任?！稇椪隆放c上述所有的文化遺產(chǎn)和旅游利益相關(guān)者相關(guān)。《憲章》為國(guó)際、國(guó)家和地方政府機(jī)關(guān)、組織、機(jī)構(gòu)和行政部門內(nèi)的遺產(chǎn)和旅游從業(yè)者、專業(yè)人士以及決策者提供指導(dǎo)，并致力于為從事文化遺產(chǎn)和旅游行業(yè)的教育工作者、學(xué)者、研究人員和學(xué)生提供參考?！稇椪隆愤m用于所有文化遺產(chǎn)的管理，及其保護(hù)、保存、闡釋、展示和推廣等全方位的活動(dòng)，因?yàn)樗羞@些活動(dòng)都與公眾使用和參觀緊密相關(guān)，并深受其影響。

《憲章》旨在協(xié)調(diào)文化遺產(chǎn)和旅游利益相關(guān)者的工作，以追求積極的變革；為意識(shí)到遺產(chǎn)價(jià)值及其脆弱性和潛力的再生旅游目的地管理提供準(zhǔn)則。它尋求在所在社區(qū)內(nèi)公平、符合道德且合理地分配旅游利益，促進(jìn)減貧?！稇椪隆吠七M(jìn)文化遺產(chǎn)和旅游的有道德的管理，并呼吁將其準(zhǔn)則融入文化遺產(chǎn)旅游的各個(gè)方面。

背景

文化遺產(chǎn)的獨(dú)特性及品牌化營(yíng)銷推動(dòng)了遺產(chǎn)地旅游業(yè)的指數(shù)級(jí)增長(zhǎng)。旅游業(yè)對(duì)擁有歷史文化街區(qū)、獨(dú)特文化景觀的城鎮(zhèn)和城市產(chǎn)生了巨大影響。同時(shí)它還影響了歷史遺址、古跡以及自然和文化景觀。游客和旅游部門對(duì)物質(zhì)和非物質(zhì)遺產(chǎn)的興趣促使當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)進(jìn)一步認(rèn)識(shí)到遺產(chǎn)的價(jià)值以及遺產(chǎn)對(duì)其生活質(zhì)量和身份認(rèn)同的重要意義。原住民社區(qū)尤其傾向于認(rèn)識(shí)到人與其生活的土地之間關(guān)系的脆弱性，以及確保旅游業(yè)維持而非侵蝕遺產(chǎn)和傳統(tǒng)的必要性。

利用全球?qū)ξ幕z產(chǎn)日益增長(zhǎng)的興趣，旅游業(yè)已發(fā)展成為全球、國(guó)家、區(qū)域和地方經(jīng)濟(jì)的重要組成部分。如果通過參與式治理進(jìn)行負(fù)責(zé)任地規(guī)劃、開發(fā)和管理，旅游業(yè)就能夠在可持續(xù)性的各個(gè)方面提供直接、間接和誘發(fā)效益。然而，未經(jīng)管理的旅游業(yè)的增長(zhǎng)已經(jīng)改變了世界上的許多地方，使依賴旅游業(yè)的社區(qū)發(fā)生了重大改變，社區(qū)韌性下降。

日益增長(zhǎng)的全球財(cái)富，世界范圍內(nèi)的互聯(lián)互通與低成本的旅游活動(dòng)一起，導(dǎo)致了世界多地大眾旅游的發(fā)展。它們還導(dǎo)致了“過度旅游”現(xiàn)象，其特點(diǎn)是普遍的擁擠、物質(zhì)和非物質(zhì)遺產(chǎn)的不可接受的退化以及相關(guān)的社會(huì)、文化和經(jīng)濟(jì)影響。對(duì)文化遺產(chǎn)的廣泛宣傳、營(yíng)銷和利用也造成了遺產(chǎn)的商品化和士紳化，損害了當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)及文化的完整性，并將這種不可替代的資產(chǎn)置于危險(xiǎn)之中。情況不止如此，考慮不周的旅游規(guī)劃和發(fā)展對(duì)許多文化遺產(chǎn)地和目的地、原住民和當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)都產(chǎn)生了重大的負(fù)面影響。

在全球旅游業(yè)以經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)為基礎(chǔ)的戰(zhàn)略中，對(duì)遺產(chǎn)的利用取得了顯著的成果。然而，它往往未能實(shí)現(xiàn)公平的利益分享。對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)匚幕斑z產(chǎn)的快速而麻木的商品化、商業(yè)化和過度使用在無數(shù)目的地造成了負(fù)面的和破壞性的影響。同時(shí)，它還引發(fā)了對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)鼐用窦坝慰褪褂谩⒂^和享受文化遺產(chǎn)的權(quán)利的限制。

必須考慮上述問題的背景包括氣候危機(jī)、環(huán)境退化、沖突、災(zāi)害、新冠肺炎疫情的災(zāi)難性影響、大眾旅游、數(shù)字化轉(zhuǎn)型和技術(shù)發(fā)展。有必要也有機(jī)會(huì)重新調(diào)整一直以來以經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)為基礎(chǔ)的旅游方式，認(rèn)識(shí)并減少不可持續(xù)的問題。

任何文化旅游戰(zhàn)略都必須承認(rèn)，文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)、社會(huì)責(zé)任和“可持續(xù)性”不僅僅是選項(xiàng)或品牌屬性，更是必要的承諾，事實(shí)上也是一種競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力資產(chǎn)。為了長(zhǎng)期維持成功和可持續(xù)發(fā)展，文化旅游支持者必須將這一承諾付諸實(shí)踐，成為支持社區(qū)韌性建設(shè)、負(fù)責(zé)任的消費(fèi)和生產(chǎn)、人權(quán)、性別平等、氣候行動(dòng)以及環(huán)境和文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)的力量。

為此，《憲章》的制定以聯(lián)合國(guó)可持續(xù)發(fā)展目標(biāo)（SDGs）的提出為背景，其中目標(biāo)8.9、12b和14.7特別提到了旅游業(yè)。文化旅游也有可能直接或間接地對(duì)旨在“加強(qiáng)對(duì)世界文化和自然遺產(chǎn)的保護(hù)及捍衛(wèi)”的目標(biāo)11.4做出貢獻(xiàn)。為實(shí)現(xiàn)聯(lián)合國(guó)《2030年可持續(xù)發(fā)展議程》，負(fù)責(zé)任的國(guó)家、地區(qū)和市政管理機(jī)構(gòu)有責(zé)任確保將可持續(xù)發(fā)展目標(biāo)及其指標(biāo)納入文化遺產(chǎn)和旅游目的地的規(guī)劃、管理和監(jiān)測(cè)之中。

《憲章》準(zhǔn)則

回顧先前的《文化旅游憲章》（1976和1999）以及由國(guó)際古跡遺址理事會(huì)（ICOMOS）、國(guó)際文物保護(hù)與修復(fù)研究中心（ICCROM）、世界自然保護(hù)聯(lián)盟（IUCN）、聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織（UNESCO）、世界旅游組織（UNWTO）、其他相關(guān)非政府組織、政府間組織、機(jī)構(gòu)和部門制定的其他設(shè)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的文本；

承認(rèn)在最廣泛的層面上，自然和文化遺產(chǎn)與全人類相關(guān)，獲得和享有這些遺產(chǎn)的權(quán)利與尊重、理解、欣賞和保護(hù)其普遍和特殊價(jià)值的責(zé)任有關(guān)；

確認(rèn)文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)和負(fù)責(zé)任的文化旅游規(guī)劃及管理必須通過系統(tǒng)地識(shí)別和監(jiān)測(cè)旅游對(duì)遺產(chǎn)地、目的地和社區(qū)的影響來進(jìn)行；

理解文化旅游必須以保證社區(qū)韌性、社區(qū)適應(yīng)能力和公平的利益分享為其基本目標(biāo)；

認(rèn)識(shí)重新平衡旅游業(yè)的必要性和機(jī)遇，從大眾旅游轉(zhuǎn)向以文化遺產(chǎn)為中心的更可持續(xù)、更負(fù)責(zé)任和以社區(qū)為中心的旅游；

下列準(zhǔn)則為這個(gè)問題提供了一個(gè)指導(dǎo)框架，這是其它有關(guān)文化遺產(chǎn)或旅游業(yè)的文件所沒有的：

• 準(zhǔn)則1：將文化遺產(chǎn)的保護(hù)和保存置于負(fù)責(zé)任的文化旅游規(guī)劃和管理的中心；

• 準(zhǔn)則2：利用根據(jù)監(jiān)測(cè)、承載力和其他規(guī)劃工具制定的管理計(jì)劃管理文化遺產(chǎn)地的旅游業(yè)；

• 準(zhǔn)則3：通過易于公眾理解的文化遺產(chǎn)闡釋和展示，提高公眾意識(shí)和游客體驗(yàn)；

• 準(zhǔn)則4：通過鼓勵(lì)人們接觸與參加對(duì)旅游業(yè)中被利用的公共文化和自然遺產(chǎn)資源的參與性治理，承認(rèn)和增加社區(qū)、原住民和傳統(tǒng)所有者的權(quán)利；

• 準(zhǔn)則5：提高所有旅游業(yè)利益相關(guān)者對(duì)文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)的意識(shí)，并加強(qiáng)其合作；

• 準(zhǔn)則6：通過能力建設(shè)、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估、戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃和適應(yīng)性管理，提高社區(qū)和文化遺產(chǎn)的韌性；

• 準(zhǔn)則7：將氣候行動(dòng)和可持續(xù)性措施納入文化旅游及文化遺產(chǎn)管理。

準(zhǔn)則1：在文化旅游規(guī)劃和管理中負(fù)責(zé)任地將文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)和保存放在核心地位進(jìn)行考慮

文化旅游政策和規(guī)劃必須將文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)和管理放在中心位置進(jìn)行考慮。在維持其遺產(chǎn)、社會(huì)凝聚力和文化習(xí)俗的同是地，通過有序的文化遺產(chǎn)旅游管理來促進(jìn)社區(qū)參與文化旅游政策與規(guī)劃。

鑒于遺產(chǎn)與社區(qū)之間及其內(nèi)部的復(fù)雜與多元關(guān)系，必須將游客管理納入遺產(chǎn)管理規(guī)劃。良好的遺產(chǎn)地規(guī)劃與管理需要充分考慮文化遺產(chǎn)的有形資產(chǎn)和無形價(jià)值保護(hù)。旅游規(guī)劃和文化遺產(chǎn)管理必須協(xié)調(diào)各級(jí)治理主體，以識(shí)別、評(píng)估和規(guī)避旅游業(yè)對(duì)遺產(chǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)、完整性和真實(shí)性的不利影響。旅游與發(fā)展必須進(jìn)行遺產(chǎn)和環(huán)境影響評(píng)估。

文化旅游管理范圍應(yīng)不限于文化遺產(chǎn)資產(chǎn)的法定邊界。旅游開發(fā)與基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)項(xiàng)目及其管理規(guī)劃必須致力于遺產(chǎn)地完整性、真實(shí)性、美學(xué)、社會(huì)和文化價(jià)值等多個(gè)維度的保護(hù)，包括保護(hù)遺產(chǎn)地的周邊環(huán)境、自然和文化景觀、當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)居民、生物多樣性特征和更廣泛的視覺環(huán)境。遺產(chǎn)地管理必須在優(yōu)先考慮當(dāng)?shù)丨h(huán)境條件和遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)的基礎(chǔ)上整合并助力社會(huì)、政治和發(fā)展框架。

文化遺產(chǎn)旅游收入必須有用于文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)，并以透明、公正、公平和負(fù)責(zé)任的方式向社區(qū)居民分配旅游收入。應(yīng)讓游客理解其旅游支出對(duì)文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)資金的貢獻(xiàn)。

準(zhǔn)則2：基于影響監(jiān)測(cè)、承載力管理及其它規(guī)劃工具來編制管理規(guī)劃以文化遺產(chǎn)地旅游管理。

保護(hù)文化遺產(chǎn)和增強(qiáng)當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)韌性需要謹(jǐn)慎的旅游規(guī)劃和游客管理，包括旅游業(yè)對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)刈匀缓臀幕瘍r(jià)值以及當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)的社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化福祉產(chǎn)生的影響進(jìn)行監(jiān)測(cè)。

文化遺產(chǎn)管理計(jì)劃必須涵蓋旅游可持續(xù)性和游客管理戰(zhàn)略。這些戰(zhàn)略應(yīng)該整合包括承載力指標(biāo)在內(nèi)的一系列相關(guān)措施，以便適當(dāng)?shù)乜刂?、集中或分散游客?/span>

可以采取具體的措施來限制游客規(guī)模，安排游客參觀時(shí)間，控制景區(qū)參觀人數(shù)，關(guān)閉敏感區(qū)域并在適當(dāng)?shù)那闆r下提供遠(yuǎn)程參觀，限制或增加開放時(shí)間，對(duì)戶外娛樂活動(dòng)進(jìn)行分區(qū)，建立預(yù)訂制度，管制交通和/或采取其他形式的監(jiān)督。

為避免對(duì)物質(zhì)和非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)造成負(fù)面影響，確定承載力和/或可接受改變的極限至關(guān)重要。承載力評(píng)估必須至少包括以下內(nèi)容：

• 物理承載力：一個(gè)地方根據(jù)其條件、脆弱性和保護(hù)狀況接待游客并提供適當(dāng)?shù)挠慰头?wù)的能力。

• 生態(tài)承載力：生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和遺產(chǎn)地社區(qū)在保持其可持續(xù)性、功能性和遺產(chǎn)價(jià)值的同時(shí)容納游客的能力。

• 社會(huì)和文化承載力：社區(qū)為游客提供高質(zhì)量旅游體驗(yàn)的能力。

• 經(jīng)濟(jì)承載力：旅游業(yè)支持地方、區(qū)域和/或國(guó)家層面的經(jīng)濟(jì)多樣性的程度。

影響監(jiān)測(cè)和承載力評(píng)估需要采用一個(gè)參與式過程，并爭(zhēng)取社區(qū)、文化遺產(chǎn)和旅游利益相關(guān)者等廣泛代表參與。承載力測(cè)量指標(biāo)需要根據(jù)遺產(chǎn)地及其社區(qū)的特征而定，并要定期進(jìn)行監(jiān)測(cè)、評(píng)估與更新。

與游客相關(guān)的指標(biāo)對(duì)于在確保景區(qū)安全，游客安全與體驗(yàn)及該地提供其他功能的能力的同時(shí)評(píng)估承載力的各個(gè)維度至關(guān)重要。

準(zhǔn)則3：通過易于公眾理解的文化遺產(chǎn)闡釋和展示，提高公眾意識(shí)和增強(qiáng)游客體驗(yàn)

文化遺產(chǎn)的闡釋和展示為公眾提供教育和終身學(xué)習(xí)的資源。它能夠增進(jìn)人們對(duì)文化及遺產(chǎn)的認(rèn)識(shí)和理解，促進(jìn)文化間的包容與對(duì)話并提高當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)的能力。

作為負(fù)責(zé)任的旅游和文化遺產(chǎn)管理，必須對(duì)文化遺產(chǎn)進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確地闡釋與展示，富有敬意地推廣和傳播，為東道社區(qū)提供親自展示其文化遺產(chǎn)的機(jī)會(huì)，為游客提供有價(jià)值的體驗(yàn)，以及發(fā)現(xiàn)、充分享受和學(xué)習(xí)文化和遺產(chǎn)的機(jī)會(huì)。遺產(chǎn)的展示和推廣應(yīng)該詮釋并傳達(dá)物質(zhì)與非物質(zhì)文化價(jià)值的多樣性和關(guān)聯(lián)性，以提高公眾對(duì)其重要性的認(rèn)識(shí)和理解。鑒于遺產(chǎn)地的真實(shí)性、價(jià)值和意義通常具有復(fù)雜性、爭(zhēng)議性和多面性，在遺產(chǎn)解說和展示過程中應(yīng)盡量具有包容性?？梢岳镁W(wǎng)絡(luò)和社交媒體開展適當(dāng)?shù)?、激?lì)性的和現(xiàn)代的教育和培訓(xùn)形式進(jìn)行遺產(chǎn)闡釋，也可以在很多情況下使用基于研究的AR、VR等先進(jìn)技術(shù)對(duì)遺產(chǎn)進(jìn)行闡釋，但不得損害遺產(chǎn)地的真實(shí)性。遺產(chǎn)地的傳播活動(dòng)必須關(guān)注遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)和社區(qū)權(quán)利問題與挑戰(zhàn)，讓游客在參觀時(shí)負(fù)有責(zé)任感，讓旅游經(jīng)營(yíng)者推廣時(shí)持有尊重的態(tài)度。

遺產(chǎn)闡釋和展示必須致力于增強(qiáng)游客在遺產(chǎn)地的體驗(yàn)，提高包括殘障人士在內(nèi)的所有人的可進(jìn)入性。在游客接觸可能會(huì)影響遺產(chǎn)完整性的場(chǎng)景中，或者游客基本無法到達(dá)的地方，有必要提供遠(yuǎn)程解說工具，且條件允許時(shí)要提供多語言服務(wù)。

遺產(chǎn)闡釋和傳播是遺產(chǎn)從業(yè)和專業(yè)人士、現(xiàn)場(chǎng)管理者和社區(qū)共同的責(zé)任。文化遺產(chǎn)的闡釋和展示必須具有代表性，并體現(xiàn)涉及遺產(chǎn)歷史記憶中的相關(guān)分歧部分，它必須建立在交叉學(xué)科研究的基礎(chǔ)上，包括最前沿的科學(xué)知識(shí)和當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)居民的傳統(tǒng)知識(shí)，并且必須在適當(dāng)?shù)膶I(yè)認(rèn)證框架內(nèi)專業(yè)地進(jìn)行。努力完善遺產(chǎn)展示、闡釋、傳播相關(guān)法規(guī)，文化遺產(chǎn)相關(guān)學(xué)科（即藝術(shù)史、歷史、考古學(xué)、人類學(xué)或建筑學(xué)）的知識(shí)應(yīng)有助于遺產(chǎn)地的闡釋和展示并確保其質(zhì)量。

準(zhǔn)則4：通過支持東道社區(qū)、原住民和傳統(tǒng)所有者參與公共文化與自然遺產(chǎn)的旅游利用治理，以承認(rèn)并增強(qiáng)其遺產(chǎn)權(quán)利

國(guó)際旅游業(yè)指數(shù)增長(zhǎng)暴露了一個(gè)發(fā)展盲區(qū)，即對(duì)旅游依賴型社區(qū)或者那些“沒有選擇自由、沒有事先知情、沒有知情同意” （聯(lián)合國(guó)原住民權(quán)利宣言，2007）而被接待游客的社區(qū)的脆弱性缺乏敏感。原住民、傳統(tǒng)所有者和當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)有權(quán)表達(dá)他們對(duì)遺產(chǎn)的看法，并按照其既定慣例和理解來管理遺產(chǎn)。

文化旅游已經(jīng)并將繼續(xù)提供大量的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)，但在未來，應(yīng)該為社區(qū)參與旅游發(fā)展創(chuàng)造更便利條件。旅游發(fā)展必須平等地惠及當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)，包括提供公平和體面的旅游就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。

旅游增長(zhǎng)已經(jīng)客觀上導(dǎo)致文化傳統(tǒng)對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟(jì)多樣性貢獻(xiàn)下降，雖然這些具體的經(jīng)濟(jì)部門從經(jīng)濟(jì)上講并不重要，但保護(hù)多樣性對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)的韌性而言具有必要性。

包容性地鼓勵(lì)社區(qū)參與、分配經(jīng)濟(jì)收益、享受游憩和娛樂是負(fù)責(zé)任文化遺產(chǎn)和旅游發(fā)展管理的一項(xiàng)重要原則。文化遺產(chǎn)管理部門必須認(rèn)識(shí)到社區(qū)對(duì)更多樣的遺產(chǎn)活動(dòng)、體驗(yàn)和項(xiàng)目需要的權(quán)利和渴望，并對(duì)其保持敏感性，以增進(jìn)文化遺產(chǎn)對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)的意義。盡管循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)和共享經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型可減少碳足跡，但其應(yīng)用必須考慮潛在的意外后果，如削弱工人權(quán)利等。恰當(dāng)?shù)厥褂眉?lì)措施可以引導(dǎo)理想行為與結(jié)果。

在快速且持續(xù)的全球變化及其錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜問題的背景下，旅游業(yè)不可持續(xù)的永久增長(zhǎng)模式難以為繼。任何小的變革不足以改變這一局面，負(fù)責(zé)任的文化旅游發(fā)展必須超越當(dāng)?shù)乩嫦嚓P(guān)者的意見，開展參與性治理和利益分享。它必須從根本上承認(rèn)公共文化和自然遺產(chǎn)所包含的人類、集體、社區(qū)和當(dāng)?shù)鼐用竦臋?quán)利。此外，負(fù)責(zé)任旅游還要求吸納更廣泛的人員參與，包括落實(shí)性別平等以及將傳統(tǒng)所有者、少數(shù)民族和弱勢(shì)群體納入到包括旅游管理和目的地發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略在內(nèi)的文化遺產(chǎn)管理和決策制定中。

準(zhǔn)則5：提高所有旅游業(yè)利益相關(guān)者對(duì)文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)的意識(shí)，并加強(qiáng)其合作

文化遺產(chǎn)是旅游業(yè)的重要資源，在吸引游客方面發(fā)揮著重要作用，但其脆弱性和保護(hù)需求尚未得到充分認(rèn)識(shí)。有必要在旅游規(guī)劃和管理中認(rèn)識(shí)和理解到遺產(chǎn)需要長(zhǎng)期保護(hù)和保存，需要鼓勵(lì)和實(shí)施跨部門的合作、學(xué)習(xí)和能力培養(yǎng)，以增加對(duì)文化遺產(chǎn)和旅游規(guī)劃的關(guān)注、理解及參與。

旅游決策制定和傳播必須充分考慮遺產(chǎn)的局限性和/或脆弱性。旅游者和參觀者不應(yīng)被視作被動(dòng)的觀察者或簡(jiǎn)單的消費(fèi)者；他們是積極的參與者，應(yīng)使其意識(shí)到其有責(zé)任以尊重的方式行事，以及其可以為遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)和地方可持續(xù)發(fā)展做出貢獻(xiàn)的方式。

文化旅游不能被認(rèn)為是一種脫離其發(fā)生地的經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)。游客的活動(dòng)和服務(wù)必須是當(dāng)?shù)厝粘Ｉ詈蜕鐣?huì)活動(dòng)的一部分，并與之相容，維持當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)的地方感和自豪感。包括活動(dòng)、節(jié)慶在內(nèi)的文化和旅游產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)必須與地方及其社區(qū)的身份相一致。為了在遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)和旅游發(fā)展中構(gòu)建一個(gè)更加協(xié)同的框架，遺產(chǎn)管理人員需要豐富自身對(duì)旅游可持續(xù)性原則和動(dòng)態(tài)變化的知識(shí)，并增強(qiáng)相關(guān)意識(shí)。旅游專業(yè)人員和從業(yè)者必須接受遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)和管理方面的培訓(xùn)。遺產(chǎn)管理者、公共旅游管理者、私人旅游經(jīng)營(yíng)者、企業(yè)家和文化創(chuàng)意產(chǎn)業(yè)的從業(yè)者需要建立和/或維持正式和非正式的溝通和合作網(wǎng)絡(luò)。

以對(duì)文化和自然遺產(chǎn)的共同所有權(quán)和管理權(quán)進(jìn)行參與式治理，可以在實(shí)踐的重新定位中獲得新的視角和合作努力，因此它將引導(dǎo)可持續(xù)發(fā)展走向更具韌性的新道路。

準(zhǔn)則6：通過能力建設(shè)、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估、戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃和適應(yīng)性管理，提高社區(qū)和文化遺產(chǎn)的韌性

考慮到影響旅游業(yè)的干擾性事件、正在發(fā)生的系統(tǒng)性和普遍的全球問題以及新出現(xiàn)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，有必要提高社區(qū)的韌性、適應(yīng)能力和轉(zhuǎn)型能力，以應(yīng)對(duì)與氣候變化、生物多樣性喪失和/或影響文化遺產(chǎn)的災(zāi)難有關(guān)的未來挑戰(zhàn)。

新冠肺炎疫情導(dǎo)致的旅游活動(dòng)大幅減少暴露出許多遺產(chǎn)地和文化旅游所在社區(qū)的脆弱性。這清楚地表明，旅游業(yè)必須積極促進(jìn)社區(qū)恢復(fù)、增強(qiáng)社區(qū)韌性和遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)，同時(shí)，遺產(chǎn)地和原住民社區(qū)也需要考慮適應(yīng)性方案。

與文化遺產(chǎn)和旅游業(yè)相關(guān)的韌性離不開地方層面上的協(xié)同舉措和跨學(xué)科能力的建設(shè)。能力建設(shè)應(yīng)以提高社區(qū)預(yù)見和減少風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的能力為目標(biāo)；應(yīng)幫助遺產(chǎn)地相關(guān)部門在文化遺產(chǎn)管理及旅游資源利用方面作出明智的決定，以最大限度地減少因破壞或過度開發(fā)所造成的負(fù)面的社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)影響。傳統(tǒng)知識(shí)還應(yīng)為關(guān)于增強(qiáng)社區(qū)韌性及適應(yīng)能力的創(chuàng)新和適應(yīng)性戰(zhàn)略提供信息。遺產(chǎn)管理者應(yīng)保證自己具備必要的知識(shí)、能力和工具，以準(zhǔn)備好隨時(shí)應(yīng)對(duì)不斷變化的環(huán)境和發(fā)展過程中的挑戰(zhàn)。

任何文化旅游的戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃和適應(yīng)性管理都應(yīng)包括遺產(chǎn)影響評(píng)估（HIAs）、環(huán)境影響評(píng)估（EIAs）、災(zāi)害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理和其他相關(guān)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估。氣候變化脆弱性評(píng)估在未來將變得愈發(fā)重要。所有評(píng)估都需要有情景模擬、應(yīng)急規(guī)劃，以及考慮并涉及所有利益相關(guān)者的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低措施。影響評(píng)估和監(jiān)測(cè)必須是適當(dāng)?shù)?、定期更新且易于?yīng)用的，并為開發(fā)及管理決策的制定提供信息。為了成為增強(qiáng)社區(qū)韌性的催化劑，文化旅游需要加強(qiáng)各部門的合作，并將其愿景付諸實(shí)踐。

準(zhǔn)則7：將氣候行動(dòng)與可持續(xù)性管理措施納入文化旅游及文化遺產(chǎn)管理

眾所周知，氣候危機(jī)已經(jīng)成為地球和人類文明存亡的威脅，其不僅破壞自然和文化遺產(chǎn)，還全球人類的生計(jì)與福祉，在此環(huán)境下，旅游依賴型社區(qū)尤其脆弱。

所有文化旅游利益相關(guān)者都應(yīng)該采取行動(dòng)來緩解、減輕和管理氣候變化造成的影響。這些行動(dòng)應(yīng)增強(qiáng)社區(qū)從文化旅游中創(chuàng)造、保留和維持可持續(xù)利益的能力。同時(shí)，旅游活動(dòng)必須盡量減少溫室氣體排放。這是政府、旅游經(jīng)營(yíng)者、旅游企業(yè)、目的地管理者和營(yíng)銷組織、遺址管理部門、土地使用規(guī)劃者、遺產(chǎn)和旅游專業(yè)人員、民間團(tuán)體和游客的共同責(zé)任。應(yīng)通過時(shí)常更新的激勵(lì)措施、規(guī)章制度、政策和指導(dǎo)方針來確保相關(guān)行動(dòng)的執(zhí)行。

氣候行動(dòng)是超越國(guó)家承諾和《巴黎協(xié)定》的個(gè)人、集體和相關(guān)領(lǐng)域從業(yè)者的責(zé)任。旅游業(yè)和游客管理必須致力于有效減少碳和溫室氣體排放、廢物管理、再利用、循環(huán)利用、能源和水資源節(jié)約、綠色交通和符合國(guó)際及國(guó)家目標(biāo)的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)。在規(guī)劃、實(shí)施和評(píng)估旅游和游客管理戰(zhàn)略時(shí)，必須優(yōu)先考慮支持遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)、生物多樣性和自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的措施。對(duì)建筑及鄉(xiāng)土遺產(chǎn)的適應(yīng)性再利用和改造有助于其適應(yīng)氣候變化，并保留更真實(shí)的游客體驗(yàn)。

氣候行動(dòng)戰(zhàn)略應(yīng)考慮傳統(tǒng)所有權(quán)、知識(shí)和實(shí)踐。應(yīng)通過交流、信息發(fā)布、遺產(chǎn)闡釋、教育和培訓(xùn)提高公眾對(duì)氣候緊急情況及其對(duì)自然和文化遺產(chǎn)的影響的認(rèn)識(shí)，特別是在面臨風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的社區(qū)和目的地。面向公眾的遺產(chǎn)地闡釋和展示也應(yīng)有助于此，包括提供關(guān)于氣候?qū)z產(chǎn)保護(hù)和環(huán)境的影響的信息。這就需要考慮可用于這些目的的創(chuàng)新技術(shù)。

氣候變化呼吁對(duì)文化旅游采取變革性和再生性的方法，重點(diǎn)是建設(shè)有韌性及適應(yīng)性的社區(qū)和遺產(chǎn)地。

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相關(guān)憲章、建議和政策工具見本《憲章》附件，您可前往ICOMOS國(guó)際文化旅游科學(xué)委員會(huì)（ICTC）網(wǎng)站進(jìn)行查閱

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該《憲章》由ICOMOS國(guó)際文化旅游委員會(huì)專門成立的工作組起草而成，該工作組成員包括：Celia Martínez（統(tǒng)籌者）, Fergus Maclaren（主席/負(fù)責(zé)人）、Cecilie Smith-Christensen、Margaret Gowen、Jim Donovan、Ian Kelly、Sue Millar、Sofía Fonseca、Tomeu Deyá、 Ananya Bhattacharya和Carlos Alberto Hiriart（排名不分先后）。